Glucoronic acid

[Kasper]

Glucuronic acid may be able to "detoxify" estrogen.

"Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid derived from the glucose, the basic form of sugar in the human body. It is formed when glucose interacts with oxygen and creates a slightly different structure, through a process known as oxidation. Glucuronic acid’s main function is to combine with toxins and eliminate them from the body.

The formation of glucuronic acid takes place in the liver of all animals, including humans and other primates, and is derived from glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar, or monosaccharide. Glucuronic acid is an oxidized form of glucose, which means glucose has interacted with a molecule of oxygen and changed its structure to form glucuronic acid.

The main function of glucuronic acids is to combine with other substances such as drugs, toxins, and hormones, and either carry them to other parts of the body or eliminate them. This combining, known as conjugation, makes the substances more water-soluble and easier to pass out of the body through the urine. The process also makes it easier for these substances, primarily hormones in this case, to be released in whatever location in the body they are needed. Glucuronic acids also assist in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in every animal but guinea pigs and primates."

[RRM]

Glucuronic acid may be able to "detoxify" estrogen.

Yes, sometimes toxic substances are less toxic after glucuronidation, but estrogen is not so much toxic,
as more bioactive.
Glucoronic acid links up (conjugation) with various hormones (glucuronidation), including estrogen,
so that they lose their original properties, and makes them more water-soluble,
so that they can more easily be transported and/or eventually metabolized or excreted.
Glucoronic acid is also involved in the conjugation and deportation of lipid peroxidation products.Grandgirard A
Not so much as sulphuric acids, its also involved in the conjugation of phenols.Shvetz' SF et al

beta-D-glucoronic acid may link up with compounds containing hydroxylic, carboxylic, amine, imine or thiol groups,
either from exogenous or endogenous origin, forming beta-D-glucoronides.
These beta-D-glucoronides are decomposed (catalyzed) by the enzyme beta-glucoronidase.
The activity of this enzyme is increased in many conditions, including inflammations of organs.
It is regarded as a sensitive indicator signalling cell damage. Basińska A et al

There is also a beta-D-glucoronic acid unit in hyaluronic acid, containing the activation centre of this enzyme.Zhong SP et al
Hyaluronic aciud is a major component of the extracellular matrix,
and contributes to cell proliferation and migration (also involved in cancer).

[overkees]

The liver (and also the intestines and stomach) efficiently process DHA, LA by glucuronidation (competitive for other substances) and LA and AA inhibit it in the case of Hymecromone (4-MU) administration:

These data indicate that LA and AA are potent inhibitors of 4-MU glucuronidation catalysed by human kidney UGTs and recombinant UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. Tsoutsikos P et al

Linoleic acid has recently been shown to be glucuronidated in vitro by human liver and intestinal microsomes....
In general, both PA and DHA were glucuronidated by gastric and intestinal microsomes, and activity toward both substrates was lowest in the stomach, increased in the small intestine, and lower in the colon.Little JM et al

[RRM]

Glucuronic acid readily forms Maillard reaction products (glycation of proteins). Smith PC et al