@RRM
Malnutrition:
lack of proper nutrition,
caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.
Given that the definition of starvation is actually not fasting, or not inputting any energy at all, but is merely putting in severely less energy than you need for a lengthy period, many diets, as well as fasting, can result in a constant loss of weight, it's not something that is isolated only to fasting. Fasting isn't even the most drastic way to deplete energy stores, as you can eat things which are diuretic, or actually cost more energy to deal with than they give (such as eating a ton of fibrous raw vegetables very low in nutrition, and not much else, roots and tubers that haven't been cooked, etc). Similarly, you can be in "starvation" while on a ketogenic diet, if you simply eat much less energy than you need, and allow your body to use autophagy and body fat to sustain most of its energy, similar to how it does during fasting, but not to the same intensity.
@Novidez
No I'm not drinking a lot of water, and acetone breath typically smells fruity on a ketogenic diet, and it's a misnomer that ketogenic diets give you acetone breath long term. Ketone levels balance out on a ketogenic diet, they aren't flooding the body as the body eventually adapts and learns approximately how many it needs to make at a given time. Similarly I would drink a lot less water, and so would everyone on a ketogenic diet, if the diet was raw wai keto, since raw foods contain higher percentages of water, so you don't have to "drink" as much because you eat less dry food.
My urination trips and volume is even less on a ketogenic diet. A ketogenic diet helps remove water retention in the initial stages, even while on a cooked ketogenic diet, which only a raw wai high carb diet can compare to. A raw wai ketogenic diet diet (very low carb) would probably remove even more water retention than high carb wai. You need to supplement with sea salt in the initial stages of a ketogenic diet only, because you do lose a lot of water/electrolytes, which causes headaches (the initial keto adaption period referred to as the keto flu, when done improperly). By the way this is identical to fasting, you need to replenish a lot of water and electrolytes there as well. Fasting is merely achieving the same effect a ketogenic diet has at a greater speed, and in my view, at the cost of a detriment to mental and physical performance, moods, energy levels, etc. where that is not necessary to reap the benefits, if you go the ketogenic route.
@RRM
Ketones can come from fasting or a ketogenic diet, the population at large is not on a ketogenic diet, and it takes longer to induce true ketosis on a ketogenic diet than fasting, so of course people on a deadline, who want to experiment and test things in labs, are going to use fasting to get into ketosis faster and monitor the results. Also, compound to this, that not much is known about ketogenic diets, but fasting is understood worldwide, so it's a more tested and studied thing. It's an established fact that ketones are produced on a ketogenic diet, similarly to how they are when fasting. Whether the experiment was monitoring the benefits of ketone activity by fasting, or a ketogenic diet, makes no difference. Fasting would make the effects more pronounced, but over the long term the effects would balance out via the replenishing period. Fasting is therefore a great way to monitor the effects of ketosis, but not the only way to achieve those effects.
Is there a point to your last comment about the two subsequent studies?
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